Catharanthus roseus: A Comprehensive Review of Its Phytochemicals, Therapeutic Potential, and Mechanisms of Action

Abstract

Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus), also known as Vinca rosea, is a well-known medicinal plant from the Apocynaceae family, native to various regions including Asia, Africa, Australia, North and South America, and Southern Europe. Renowned for its rich phytochemical composition, C. roseus contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, phenolics, vinblastine, and terpenoids, which contribute to its diverse therapeutic properties, including anticancer, hypolipidemic, anthelmintic, antimicrobial, antiulcer, neuroprotective, wound-healing, antioxidant, and hypoglycemic activities. Notably, certain isolated indole alkaloids, such as 17-deacetoxycyclovinblastine, 17-deacetoxyvinamidine, and 14′-15′-didehydrocyclovinblastine, have demonstrated significant anticancer potential by inhibiting human cancer cell lines in vitro. This review provides a comprehensive examination of the traditional uses, phytochemicals, toxicological profile, therapeutic potential, and mechanisms of action of C. roseus. The increasing interest in medicinal herbs and functional foods highlights the need for progress in validating the therapeutic effects of C. roseus and recognizing its health-promoting properties. Continued exploration of this versatile plant may lead to the discovery of novel compounds with potential applications in medicine. Key findings emphasize its versatility and promising role in modern medicine, particularly in drug development. This review underscores the need for further research to confirm the therapeutic effects of C. roseus and to identify novel compounds for pharmaceutical applications, paving the way for innovative health-promoting interventions based on this adaptable plant.